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<h2>Background Research</h2>
<p>You've got a research paper assignment, and the first thing you need to do is choose a topic. But with all the possible topics out there, how do you begin to decide?</p>
<p><strong>Background research</strong> is an essential part of developing a focused topic for your research paper. Doing some background research before you decide on your topic will make your in-depth research much smoother and more effective.</p>
<p>This tutorial will examine how to:</p>
<ul>
<li>Differentiate between background research and in-depth research.</li>
<li>Locate useful sources for conducting background research.</li>
<li>Utilize background research to help you refine your paper topic.</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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<h2>6 Basic Questions</h2>
<p>Background research answers the following <strong>6 basic questions</strong> that form common knowledge on any subject.<strong> </strong><em>Note: The following examples use "solar energy" as a topic.</em></p>
<ol>
<li><strong style="font-size: 1em;">Who:</strong><span style="font-size: 1em;"> Who were some of the early developers of solar energy technology?</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: 1em;"></span><strong style="font-size: 1em;">What:</strong><span style="line-height: 25.6px;"><span style="line-height: 25.6px;"> </span>What is solar energy? What do solar panels do?</span></li>
<li><strong>Where:</strong><span style="line-height: 25.6px;"><strong><span style="line-height: 25.6px;"> </span></strong>Where is solar energy most heavily utilized?</span></li>
<li><strong>When:</strong><span style="line-height: 25.6px;"><strong><span style="line-height: 25.6px;"> </span></strong>When was solar energy technology first developed?</span></li>
<li><strong>How:</strong><span style="line-height: 25.6px;"><strong><span style="line-height: 25.6px;"> </span></strong>How do solar panels work?</span></li>
<li><strong>Why:</strong><span style="line-height: 25.6px;"><span style="line-height: 25.6px;"> </span>Why is solar energy an appealing power source?</span></li>
</ol>
<p></p>
</div>
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<h2>Basis of Research</h2>
<p>Background research can give you an idea of the <strong>general understanding of a topic</strong>.</p>
<p>Your research also can <strong>highlight important questions</strong> about a subject that can form the basis of research.</p>
<p>Using our example topic of "solar energy," here are some questions and issues you might discover during your research.</p>
<ul>
<li>What are the pros and cons of using solar energy?</li>
<li>How has the development of solar energy influenced building design?</li>
<li>Should incentives be offered to homeowners who use solar panels?</li>
<li>What methods must be used to make solar energy work in cold climates?</li>
<li>In what ways might the utility companies' ambivalence toward solar energy affect its progression?</li>
</ul>
</div>
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<h2>Benefits</h2>
<p><strong>Background research:</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Helps you understand your topic before you dive into heavy research.</li>
<li>Cultivates familiarity with terminology used.</li>
<li>Gives you an idea of how much literature is available on your topic.</li>
<li>Inspires ideas for a more specific research question.</li>
<li>Identifies unresolved issues, controversies, and places where knowledge is incomplete.</li>
</ul>
<p>In other words, conducting background research will help you identify anything that can lead to interesting questions about the topic that might <strong>lead to good research questions</strong>.</p>
</div>
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<h2>Background Research vs. In-Depth Research</h2>
<p>In-depth research involves looking for greater detail and specifics about your topic. It's key to later stages of your paper, but background research is the best place to begin when you are just learning about your topic.</p>
<p><strong>To understand more about the differences between the two, check out this chart.</strong></p>
<table style="border: 2px solid black; background-color: #c0d9af; padding: 5px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="border: 2px solid black; background-color: #c0d9af; padding: 5px;">
<td style="border: 2px solid black; background-color: #c0d9af; padding: 5px;"><b>Background Research</b></td>
<td style="border: 2px solid black; background-color: #c0d9af; padding: 5px;"><b>In-Depth Research</b></td>
</tr>
<tr style="border: 2px solid black; background-color: #c0d9af; padding: 5px;">
<td style="border: 2px solid black; background-color: #c0d9af; padding: 5px;">• Raises questions and develops topics.</td>
<td style="border: 2px solid black; background-color: #c0d9af; padding: 5px;">• Answers questions and explores topics in detail.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="border: 2px solid black; background-color: #c0d9af; padding: 5px;">
<td style="border: 2px solid black; background-color: #c0d9af; padding: 5px;">• Sources include encyclopedias and reference texts that help you understand your topic and identify key search terms.</td>
<td style="border: 2px solid black; background-color: #c0d9af; padding: 5px;">• Sources are more specific texts including books or articles on a narrower subject. Full text databases can be used.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Scholarly journals are generally used for in-depth research and are probably too narrow for most background research, but a <strong>preliminary database search</strong> for scholarly articles can help you determine <strong>how much material</strong> you might find on a topic.</p>
</div>
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<h2>Let's Compare</h2>
<p>Examine the chart below to better understand the differences between background and in-depth research articles. Click on an image to see it full size.</p>
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<td style="padding-left: 30px; width: 50%;"><a href="//cdn.credoreference.com/client-7446/edx/il-mods-ex/tutorial-background-research-tips/background-screenshot.png" target="_blank"><img src="//cdn.credoreference.com/client-7446/edx/il-mods-ex/tutorial-background-research-tips/background-screenshot.png" alt="image of background research article" width="100%" /></a></td>
<td style="padding-left: 30px; width: 50%;"><a href="//vle.credoreference.com/tutorials/national-university/background-research-tips/pg6a.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="//vle.credoreference.com/tutorials/national-university/background-research-tips/pg6a.jpg" alt="image of an in-depth research article" width="100%" /></a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>Background Research Article</b></td>
<td><b>In-Depth Research Article</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>• Background articles come from a dictionary or encyclopedia.</td>
<td>• In-depth articles come from a journal.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>• Background articles often are compiled by an editor with no attribution.</td>
<td>• In-depth articles are written by one or more named scholars in the field.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>• Background articles give an overview of an entire subject.</td>
<td>• In-depth articles focus on a specific subject within the topic area.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>
<p></p>
</div>
</div>
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<h2>Locating Useful Sources for Background Research</h2>
<p><img style="float: right; margin-right: 15px; margin-left: 15px;" src="//vle.credoreference.com/tutorials/national-university/background-research-tips/pg7.jpg" width="30%" alt="image of two books Philips Astronomy encyclopedia and mosebys pediatric nursing reference" /></p>
<p>An <strong>encyclopedia</strong> may be focused on one subject, but it is meant to be as comprehensive as possible within the bounds of that subject.</p>
<p><strong>Encyclopedias and reference books:</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Provide a concise summary and focus on the main issues of a topic.</li>
<li>Contain articles packed with information about people, places, events in history, concepts, and more.</li>
<li>Can be general or confined to a specific subject, such as economics, religion, the human body, art history, or just about any area of knowledge.</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
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<h2>Additional Reference Sources</h2>
<p><strong>Other important types of reference sources include:</strong></p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Almanacs</strong>, which contain statistical information on a variety of subjects, including sports, geography, astronomy, and others.</li>
<li><strong>Atlases</strong>, which provide information about a place; contain maps, including roads, climate information, topography, and political boundaries; and profiles of places, including demographic, political, and historical information.</li>
<li><strong>Newspapers and magazines</strong>, which supply current news and features about a topic targeted for the general public.</li>
<li><strong>Books</strong>, which impart broad but also thorough overviews of a topic.</li>
<li><strong>The Internet</strong>, which offers access to online versions of encyclopedias, newspapers and magazines, books, websites, and much more that can be useful sources of background information.</li>
</ul>
</div>
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Test Your Skills
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<div><p><strong>Step 1:</strong> Search for "<strong>cyberbullying</strong>" and find one article.</p><p><strong>Step 2:</strong> Copy and paste the citation for the article in the box below and make 3 to 5 notes of major points as well as any interesting or unresolved issues.</p><div class="wrapper-problem-response" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Question 1" role="group"><div id="inputtype_49ff31ad4ce14a0f8e3f1f349e3b4a7e_2_1" class=" capa_inputtype textline"><div class="unanswered "><input type="text" class="mw-100 " name="input_49ff31ad4ce14a0f8e3f1f349e3b4a7e_2_1" id="input_49ff31ad4ce14a0f8e3f1f349e3b4a7e_2_1" aria-describedby="status_49ff31ad4ce14a0f8e3f1f349e3b4a7e_2_1" value="" size="100%"/><span class="trailing_text" id="trailing_text_49ff31ad4ce14a0f8e3f1f349e3b4a7e_2_1"/><span class="status unanswered" id="status_49ff31ad4ce14a0f8e3f1f349e3b4a7e_2_1" data-tooltip="Not yet answered."><span class="sr">unanswered</span><span class="status-icon" aria-hidden="true"/></span><p id="answer_49ff31ad4ce14a0f8e3f1f349e3b4a7e_2_1" class="answer"/></div></div><br/></div><div class="solution-span"><span id="solution_49ff31ad4ce14a0f8e3f1f349e3b4a7e_solution_1"/></div></div>
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Question 1
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<div><p>Consider the notes you took for your article&#8212;are there any important vocabulary words or key concepts that you found? If so, note them in the text box below.</p><div class="wrapper-problem-response" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Question 1" role="group"><div id="inputtype_41106141d3614974b1429a5c2a5ad151_2_1" class=" capa_inputtype textline"><div class="unanswered "><input type="text" class="mw-100 " name="input_41106141d3614974b1429a5c2a5ad151_2_1" id="input_41106141d3614974b1429a5c2a5ad151_2_1" aria-describedby="status_41106141d3614974b1429a5c2a5ad151_2_1" value="" size="100"/><span class="trailing_text" id="trailing_text_41106141d3614974b1429a5c2a5ad151_2_1"/><span class="status unanswered" id="status_41106141d3614974b1429a5c2a5ad151_2_1" data-tooltip="Not yet answered."><span class="sr">unanswered</span><span class="status-icon" aria-hidden="true"/></span><p id="answer_41106141d3614974b1429a5c2a5ad151_2_1" class="answer"/></div></div><br/></div><div class="solution-span"><span id="solution_41106141d3614974b1429a5c2a5ad151_solution_1"/></div></div>
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<h2>Refine Your Paper Topic</h2>
<p><img style="float: right; margin-right: 35px;" src="//vle.credoreference.com/tutorials/national-university/background-research-tips/pg11.jpg" alt="image of three circles of different sizes, each with the larger one. The largest circle says too broad, too much information to manage. the middle circle says Just right. The smallest circle says too narrow, not enough information on the topic." width="40%" /></p>
<p>Once you have completed your background research, it will be easier to focus and refine your topic.</p>
<p><strong>Think about:</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Ideas you've discovered during your research.</li>
<li>Issues that would be interesting to explore further.</li>
<li>Questions you've had while reading.</li>
</ul>
<p>For every topic, there is a <strong>sweet spot</strong> where the scope of the topic is just right for your assignment. Sometimes a topic is too broad (<em>too much information to cover</em>) or too narrow (<em>you can't find enough information on your topic</em>).</p>
<p>Be aware that the sweet "<strong>just right</strong>" spot might vary depending on the specifics of your assignment and the resources available to you.</p>
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<h2>Test Your Skills</h2>
<p>Each question below contains three topics, all pertaining to the same subject. Imagine you are writing a 5-page paper. For this activity, you must <strong>determine</strong><strong> which topic is "just right"</strong> for your assignment.</p>
<p>First, let's take a look at the following example topics.</p>
<table style="border: 2px solid black; background-color: #c0d9af; padding: 5px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="border: 2px solid black; background-color: #c0d9af; padding: 5px;">
<td style="border: 2px solid black; background-color: #c0d9af; padding: 5px;"><strong>1. Solar energy in America.</strong></td>
<td style="border: 2px solid black; background-color: #c0d9af; padding: 5px;">Too broad. It would probably be difficult to cover that entire subject in just 5 pages, and you would need to narrow your focus.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="border: 2px solid black; background-color: #c0d9af; padding: 5px;">
<td style="border: 2px solid black; background-color: #c0d9af; padding: 5px;"><strong>2. Solar power in California residential home design.</strong></td>
<td style="border: 2px solid black; background-color: #c0d9af; padding: 5px;">Too narrow. While solar energy may be popular in California, you might not be able to find enough sources on that specific area of solar energy.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="border: 2px solid black; background-color: #c0d9af; padding: 5px;">
<td style="border: 2px solid black; background-color: #c0d9af; padding: 5px;"><strong>3. Residential use of solar power in America.</strong></td>
<td style="border: 2px solid black; background-color: #c0d9af; padding: 5px;">Just right. Of the 3 choices, it will give you the best balance of a focused topic but also sufficient source materials.</td>
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<p>Next, try your hand at the questions below!</p>
<p></p>
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Question 1
</h3>
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<div><div class="wrapper-problem-response" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Question 1" role="group"><div class="choicegroup capa_inputtype" id="inputtype_d7e5420503124de9aebeb0675cca894f_2_1"><fieldset aria-describedby="status_d7e5420503124de9aebeb0675cca894f_2_1"><legend id="d7e5420503124de9aebeb0675cca894f_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">Choose the topic from the 3 choices that is best suited for a 5-page paper.</legend><div class="field"><input type="radio" name="input_d7e5420503124de9aebeb0675cca894f_2_1" id="input_d7e5420503124de9aebeb0675cca894f_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_0"/><label id="d7e5420503124de9aebeb0675cca894f_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_d7e5420503124de9aebeb0675cca894f_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_d7e5420503124de9aebeb0675cca894f_2_1"><div>
A. Police involvement with cyberbullying among girls at Wisconsin middle schools </div></label></div><div class="field"><input type="radio" name="input_d7e5420503124de9aebeb0675cca894f_2_1" id="input_d7e5420503124de9aebeb0675cca894f_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_1"/><label id="d7e5420503124de9aebeb0675cca894f_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_d7e5420503124de9aebeb0675cca894f_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_d7e5420503124de9aebeb0675cca894f_2_1"><div>
B. Teenagers and the Internet </div></label></div><div class="field"><input type="radio" name="input_d7e5420503124de9aebeb0675cca894f_2_1" id="input_d7e5420503124de9aebeb0675cca894f_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_2"/><label id="d7e5420503124de9aebeb0675cca894f_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_d7e5420503124de9aebeb0675cca894f_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_d7e5420503124de9aebeb0675cca894f_2_1"><div>
C. American legal issues in cyberbullying </div></label></div><span id="answer_d7e5420503124de9aebeb0675cca894f_2_1"/></fieldset><div class="indicator-container"><span class="status unanswered" id="status_d7e5420503124de9aebeb0675cca894f_2_1" data-tooltip="Not yet answered."><span class="sr">unanswered</span><span class="status-icon" aria-hidden="true"/></span></div></div></div></div>
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A. Impact of cyberbullying on high schoolers </div></label></div><div class="field"><input type="radio" name="input_4cd0971948864e3b9d317d2c49564838_2_1" id="input_4cd0971948864e3b9d317d2c49564838_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_1"/><label id="4cd0971948864e3b9d317d2c49564838_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_4cd0971948864e3b9d317d2c49564838_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_4cd0971948864e3b9d317d2c49564838_2_1"><div>
B. Impact of cyberbullying on academic performance in high schoolers </div></label></div><div class="field"><input type="radio" name="input_4cd0971948864e3b9d317d2c49564838_2_1" id="input_4cd0971948864e3b9d317d2c49564838_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_2"/><label id="4cd0971948864e3b9d317d2c49564838_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_4cd0971948864e3b9d317d2c49564838_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_4cd0971948864e3b9d317d2c49564838_2_1"><div>
C. Impact of abusive posts on Twitter on the self-esteem of 7th-grade girls </div></label></div><span id="answer_4cd0971948864e3b9d317d2c49564838_2_1"/></fieldset><div class="indicator-container"><span class="status unanswered" id="status_4cd0971948864e3b9d317d2c49564838_2_1" data-tooltip="Not yet answered."><span class="sr">unanswered</span><span class="status-icon" aria-hidden="true"/></span></div></div></div></div>
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<div><div class="wrapper-problem-response" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Question 1" role="group"><div class="choicegroup capa_inputtype" id="inputtype_7e94e3aa643e4d9ea48336c466e62cb1_2_1"><fieldset aria-describedby="status_7e94e3aa643e4d9ea48336c466e62cb1_2_1"><legend id="7e94e3aa643e4d9ea48336c466e62cb1_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">Choose the topic from the 3 choices that is best suited for a 5-page paper.</legend><div class="field"><input type="radio" name="input_7e94e3aa643e4d9ea48336c466e62cb1_2_1" id="input_7e94e3aa643e4d9ea48336c466e62cb1_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_0"/><label id="7e94e3aa643e4d9ea48336c466e62cb1_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_7e94e3aa643e4d9ea48336c466e62cb1_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_7e94e3aa643e4d9ea48336c466e62cb1_2_1"><div>
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C. Differences in types of bullying photographs posted on Instgram by boys vs. girls </div></label></div><span id="answer_7e94e3aa643e4d9ea48336c466e62cb1_2_1"/></fieldset><div class="indicator-container"><span class="status unanswered" id="status_7e94e3aa643e4d9ea48336c466e62cb1_2_1" data-tooltip="Not yet answered."><span class="sr">unanswered</span><span class="status-icon" aria-hidden="true"/></span></div></div></div></div>
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<h2>Conclusion</h2>
<p>Effective background research will provide you with the foundation you need to perform more in-depth research with confidence and comfort. <strong>Behind every great paper is quality background research.</strong></p>
<p>Good luck getting started!</p>
<p>This tutorial explored how to:</p>
<ul>
<li>Differentiate between background research and in-depth research.</li>
<li>Locate useful sources for conducting background research.</li>
<li>Utilize background research to help you refine your paper topic.</li>
</ul>
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